In many types of music, notably baroque, romantic, modern, and jazz, chords are often augmented with "tensions". In popular and jazz harmony, chords are named by their root plus various terms and characters indicating their qualities. ![]() Therefore, it is sometimes seen as a type of harmonic understanding, and sometimes distinguished from harmony. ![]() The notion of counterpoint seeks to understand and describe the relationships between melodic lines, often in the context of a polyphonic texture of several simultaneous but independent voices. The principles of connection that govern these structures have been the subject of centuries worth of theoretical work and vernacular practice alike. The study of harmony involves the juxtaposition of individual pitches to create chords, and in turn the juxtaposition of chords to create larger chord progressions. Culturally, consonant pitch relationships are often described as sounding more pleasant, euphonious, and beautiful than dissonant pitch relationships, which can be conversely characterized as unpleasant, discordant, or rough. In the physiological approach, consonance is viewed as a continuous variable measuring the human brain's ability to 'decode' aural sensory input. Drawing both from music theoretical traditions and the field of psychoacoustics, its perception in large part consists of recognizing and processing consonance, a concept whose precise definition has varied throughout history, but is often associated with simple mathematical ratios between coincident pitch frequencies. Harmony as a perceptual property is one of the core concepts underlying the theory and practice of Western music. Harmony is broadly understood to involve both a "vertical" dimension (frequency-space) and a "horizontal" dimension (time-space), and often overlaps with related musical concepts such as melody, timbre, and form. These effects are variously identified, defined, and categorized as harmonic objects like chords, textures and tonalities. More concretely, harmony often refers to the effects created by distinct musical pitches or tones coinciding with one another. In music, harmony is the process by which individual sounds are joined or composed into whole units or compositions. He is Ahasuerus in the Hebrew Bible, in the Book of Esther.Barbershop quartets, such as this US Navy group, sing 4-part pieces, made up of a melody line (normally the lead) and 3 harmony parts. After the debacle against the Greeks, Xerxes devoted himself to wine and women. He has a thoroughly bad rep: the new Athenian navy won a miraculous victory over his fleet in 480 b.c., and the Spartans and their allies crushed the Persian land forces in 479 b.c. Harmony comes into English via Latin harmonia “conjunction, joining, (musical) melody, agreement among the various parts of the body (in an explanation of the nature of the soul).” Harmonia comes from Greek harmonía, which has all of the Latin meanings as well as many technical ones, e.g., in music, “octave, mode, pitch (of the voice)” in philosophy, “framework of the universe, principle of union,” and in the Pythagorean system, the name of the number “three” in medicine, anatomy, and physiology, “suture, union, temperament” in law and government, “order, good order, settled arrangement, covenant, agreement.” Harmonía ultimately derives from the very complicated Proto-Indo-European root ar-, (a)re-, rē-, ṛ- (with still more variants) “to fit, fit together, join.” Reflexes (derivatives) of this root appear in English arm (of the body), Latin arma “equipment, gear, weapons” and armus “(upper) arm.” Farther afield, Hittite has āra- “proper, fitting” and arā- “friend.” The root variant ṛ- with a suffixed -t forms the noun stems ṛt- and art- “joined together, fitted,” source of Latin ars (stem art- ) “skill, dexterity, art,” artus (noun) and articulus “joint (of the body),” and artus (adjective) “tight, firm.” In the Indo-Iranian languages, ṛt- and art- form the nouns ṛtá- “order, truth, rule” in Vedic Sanskrit and arta (also aša ) “truth, right, justice, right order” in Zoroastrianism, in which arta- is the central principle and the foe of druj “deceit, falsehood, lie.” Arta- is also the first element of the magnificent Old Iranian names Artavasdes, a Hellenized version of Artavazda (“exalting arta- ”), and Artvardiya “doer of arta- ” Artaxerxes (Old Persian Artaxšacā ) “having a just kingdom” is from arta- and xšacā “rule, kingdom.” Xérxēs is the Hellenized form of Old Persian Xšyaršā ( Xšayaṛšā, Xšayaršā ) “ruling over heroes.” Xerxes I ruled the Persian Empire 486–465 b.c.
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